Grammar 001

Academic Writing

Instructions: To get started, click here and then on one of the Practice Topics on the left and read the introduction. Then click on the exercise links to do exercises.

Important: You should complete the Practice Topics activities before looking at the analysis of the sample essay.

Table of Contents:

TOPIC SENTENCES AND THEIR SUPPORT IN A PARAGRAPH

BUILDING A PARAGRAPH

INCORPORATING SOURCES WITHIN PARAGRAPHS

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PARAGRAPHS IN AN ESSAY

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Introduction to Segmental Phonology: Consonant Table

The purpose of this page is to generate dynamic distinctive feature tables. It selects segments from the set of consonants currently found in the feature database based on three types of information: language specific phoneme sets, phonetic filters, and phonological filters. Use the three panels below to generate feature tables.

Introduction to Segmental Phonology: Consonant Table

The purpose of this page is to generate dynamic distinctive feature tables. It selects segments from the set of vowels currently found in the feature database based on three types of information: language specific phoneme sets, phonetic filters, and phonological filters. Use the three panels below to generate feature tables.

Introduction to Segmental Phonology: Vowel Table

مربوط به درس آوا شناسی زبان انگلیسی 

 

  

 

زمان حال ساده

ساختار

جمع go, play, don't work we you they

مفرد go, play, don't work I, you goes, plays, doesn't work he, she, it

کاربرد

زمان حال ساده یکی از متداول‌ترین زمانها در زبان انگلیسی می‌باشد که برای مقاصد زیر مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد:1- برای بیان عملی که همیشه تکرار می‌شود، مانند یک عادت یا رسم:

I go to school by bus. We get up at 7 AM. 'Does he smoke?' 'No, he doesn't.'

2- برای بیان حقیقتی که همیشه یا معمولاً درست است:

• The earth orbits the sun.

• I come from Iran.

• Some animals migrate in winter. (بعضی از حیوانات در زمستان مهاجرت می‌کنند.)

3- برای بیان حقیقتی که برای مدتی (طولانی) دوام داشته باشد:She lives in a small cottage.

• I work in a shop.

زمان حال ساده اغلب با قیدهای تکرار مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند. مهمترین قیدهای تکرار (frequency adverbs) عبارتند از: never     rarely     sometimes     often     usually     always0%................................. 50% .................................100% I usually play football with my friends. I never go shopping. sometimes she plays piano for us.

نکاتی در مورد هجی (verb + s)

1- افعالی که به x, ch, sh, ss و o ختم می‌شوند، به جای es ، s می‌گیرند:

kisses, washes, watches, does, boxes

2- افعالی که به y ختم می‌شوند و قبل از آن حرف بی‌صدایی بیاید، y به ies تبدیل می‌شود:

try, tries     hurry, hurries     fly, flies

ولی آن دسته از افعالی که به y ختم می‌شوند و قبل از آن یک حرف صدادار وجود دارد، تنها یک s می‌گیرند:

plays, buys, enjoys

تمرین های بیشتر برای این زمان

زمان حال استمراری

ساختار

coming doing going taking	'm am	I
	're are	you we they
	's is	he she it

کاربرد

1- برای بیان عملی که هم‌اکنون جریان دارد:

• She is watching the TV.

• He is working at the moment.

2- برای بیان عملی یا موقعیتی که در حال حاضر در حال وقوع می‌باشد، اما الزاماً در همین زمان صحبت کردن در حال رخ دادن نیست:

• I'm reading an exciting book.

• He is learning Arabic.

(توجه داشته باشید که مثلاً در جمله‌ اول، شخص گوینده ممکن است در همین لحظه مشغول مطالعه کتاب باشد و یا اینکه ممکن است منظورش این باشد که مدتی است مشغول مطالعه کتاب است ولی هنوز تمام نشده است.)

3- برای بیان قراری تعیین شده در آینده:

• I am meeting him at the park.

4- برای بیان کار یا شرایطی موقتی:

• I'm living in a small flat now, but I'm trying to find a better one.(در حال حاضر در یک آپارتمان کوچک زندگی می‌کنم، اما دارم سعی می‌کنم یک بهترش را پیدا کنم)

نکاتی در مورد هجی (افعال ing دار)

1- افعالی که به یک e ختم می‌شوند، آن e حذف می‌شود:

come, coming     take, taking     write, writing

ولی در مورد افعالی که به ee ختم می‌شوند، این قاعده صدق نمی‌کند:

agree, agreeing     see, seeing

2- در افعال یک بخشی (یک هجایی) که دارای یک حرف صدادار و یک حرف بی‌صدا می‌باشند، حرف بی‌صدای آخر تکرار می‌شود:

running, stopping, getting

ولی چنانچه حرف بی‌صدای آخر y یا w باشد، تکرار نمی‌شود:

showing, enjoying

تمرین های بیشتر برای این زمان و زمان حال ساده

زمان گذشته ساده

ساختار

(last week) (yesterday)	worked	I, we, you, he, she, ...
	played
	heard

منفی work... play... hear... didn't did not I, we, you, he, she, ...

پرسشی work...? play...? hear...? I, we, you, he, she, ... Did

کاربرد

گذشته ساده در موارد زیر کاربرد دارد:

1- برای بیان کاری که در گذشته و زمان مشخصی به پایان رسیده است:

• We met last week.

• He left yesterday.

2- برای بیان کارهایی که پشت سرهم در یک ماجرا یا داستان می‌آیند:

• I walked into my room and sat down. Suddenly I heard a noise coming from outside. I got up and went towards the window...

3- برای بیان عادت یا شرایطی در گذشته:

• When he was a child, they lived in a cottage in the jungle.

• Every day he walked in the jungle to....

نکاتی در مورد هجی (verb + ed)

1- هنگامیکه فعلی به e ختم می‌شود، فقط d اضافه می‌کنیم:

loved, hated, used

2- افعال یک هجایی (یک بخشی) که به ترتیب شامل یک حرف صدادار و یک حرف بی‌صدا می‌باشند، حرف بی‌صدای آخر تکرار می‌شود:

stopped, planned, robbed

ولی اگر دو حرف صدادار وجود داشته باشد، حرف بی‌صدای آخر تکرار نمی‌شود:

looked, cooked, seated

اگر حرف بی‌صدای آخر y یا w باشد نیز تکرار نمی‌شود:

played, rowed, showed

منبع: www.zabanamoozan.com  

Most grammar and style books and references speak of various ways in which the language is used. We hear of standard English and nonstandard English. We hear of formal or informal speech. What do these terms mean, and how can they help us. (Note: sometimes the words standard and nonstandard are capitalized when used in this context. Whichever way you choose, be consistent.)

Where Does This Come From?

Different languages and cultures will look to various authorities to set standards for their language. In some cases there are none. Let me use a few illustrations from other lands and languages.
In China, the standard pronunciation for Mandarin Chinese is the dialect of the Xi'an region. This was an early capital of the China, and so most Chinese see it as closest to the origin of the language.
France established the French Academy to rule on what is proper in the French language. The Academy sets the standards, and the French textbooks follow them. Since the 1960's when most French colonies became independent, the French Academy has included members from former colonies so that the standards are applied as widely as possible.
Greece has many distinctive local dialects. When Greece became independent after nearly five hundred years of Turkish rule, the government adopted katharevousa, or "purified" Greek. It was an artificial language based on the Greek roots meant to be widely understood. In the last hundred and fifty years, however, the katharevousa has become identified more with certain elites rather than with the Greek nation. Its use became a political issue, and in many places it is ignored or resented.
English has nothing like any of this--no principle of origin, no authority, no government-ordained pure language. It is spoken in many countries. Even in England today there are many dialects. There is no academic or governmental authority to rule on what good English is or is not. Still, since the advent of the printing press, English speaking people have developed standards.

Standard English

Standard English comes from two main sources--editors, both of books and periodicals, and the schools. This means that there is not always uniformity. However, anyone who reads English frequently can begin to see there are certain standards, and that written English is not quite the same as everyday spoken English. Indeed, people often speak of standard English as standard written English, or SWE. The standards are in place for one very simple reason--to communicate effectively with as wide of an audience as possible.
Indeed, in most cases where writers did not use standard English, they were consciously writing for a more narrow audience. We see this with the Scots' poetry of Roberts Burns, for example. He also wrote many poems in standard English, but some he wrote in the Scots' dialect specifically for a Scottish audience or to evoke a certain atmosphere.
Most grammar texts, style sheets, and writing guides use standard English. Some specific details may vary slightly, but the purpose is for clarity and communication, and they are largely uniform.
Sometimes standard English is further divided into formal and informal English. This is mostly a matter of setting and tone. Formal English is used in most literate writing and most business communications. Clarity and precision are important. Formal English does not have to be pompous or complicated, but it is precise and clear.
Informal English is still grammatically correct, but it may use certain words or techniques that would be avoided in formal speech or writing. A good example is the use of verb contractions. There is nothing incorrect about verb contractions. They are a reflection of the way most English speakers talk. In informal writing--a personal note or memo, for example--they are fine. However, in any kind of formal writing, the words are spelled out.
Informal: He doesn't know what happened yesterday.
Formal: He does not know what happened yesterday.
Informal English is more casual. It is appropriate when you need a less formal or more personal tone. Informal language is sometimes called colloquial.

Nonstandard English

Nonstandard refers to terms or practices which are not recognized as standard English. In most cases, there are one of several reasons for something being nonstandard. There could be a problem in logic which makes for confusion or ambiguity. Dangling modifiers or incorrect subject-verb agreement are examples from everyday speech which are nonstandard for this reason. In some cases, the expression is simply not commonly used or understood. Jargon and slang often fall into this category. In some cases, the language is considered rude, offensive, or impolite. Oaths and profanity would be examples of this. Dialect would also be considered nonstandard. Writers sometimes use dialect to illustrate the speech of a particular region, but to write a whole work in a dialect would be confusing to those unfamiliar with the dialect.
The novel Jane Eyre has an example of Yorkshire dialect when a person in the book says, "You are all redd up and made decent." Redd up is a term that many English speakers are unfamiliar with, but if you were from Yorkshire, England, or Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, you probably would have heard or used the term. It is accepted; it is not slang or jargon; but neither is it standard.

Style and Other Considerations

Usually when authorities disagree over usage, the question is one of formal vs. informal. There are very few uses which some would consider standard and some nonstandard.
A lot of what is considered standard writing is a question of style. For example, the PSAT, an American college entrance examination, contains a Test of Standard Written English. While some of the questions are about grammar, most are about style. Which way of saying something sounds more precise, more clear, more organized?
Why does the PSAT not test merely grammar? In all cases we are looking for the best way to communicate.

English4Persians  

Rules for Prepositions in, on, at, to

by Rick Shur

Basic Rules for Time

A. at a time

B. on a day

C. in a month (season, year, decade, century)

Basic Rules for Place

D. at an address

E. on a street

F. in an area (neighborhood, town, borough, state,
country, continent, ocean, world, universe)

Special Rules

1. look at and listen to

2. to with verbs of desire, necessity, expectation

love to, like to, hate to, want to, need to, have to,
hope
to, expect to

3. at night

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

4. on transportation

on the bus, on the train, on the subway, on a plane,
on a
jet, on a ship, on a bicycle, on a motorcycle, on a
surfboard, on a
skateboard

BUT

in a car, in a taxi, in a small boat, in an elevator,
in a
helicopter

5. at an intersection (where two streets cross)

at Broadway and 42nd Street, at Fifth Avenue and 34th Street

6. on an island, on a farm, on a college campus, on
earth, on a
planet

7. expressions that mean sometimes use different
prepositions:

from time to time, on occasion, once in a while

8. in a park, in a yard, at a playground

9. on anything flat

on a plate, on the wall, on the floor, on a shelf, on
the
blackboard,

on a table, on a desk, on the door, on the stove, on
your face

10. in a room or anything smaller

in the closet, in a drawer, in a cup, in a bowl, in a
glass,
in your mouth, ideas in your head (BUT a hat on your
head), a look in
your eye

11. to when moving from point A to point B

go to school, drive to work, take a trip to Boston,
take
your kids to school, fly to London, walk to the
library, bring your dog
to the vet

12. on a/an [adjective] morning, afternoon, evening,
night, day

on a cold afternoon, on a sunny morning, on a rainy
evening,

on a Saturday night, on a spring day, on a special
night

13. on vacation, on the weekend, on a trip, on a
picnic, on your
break,

on a leave of absence, on your lunch hour

14. in the water swimming, on the water boating

15. at the beach, on the sand getting a suntan, in the
sand playing

16. on anything like a line

on the coast, stand on line, on the border, on the
side of
the room

17. on forms of communication

on TV, on the radio, on the phone, on the fax machine,
on
the computer, on a disk, on a CD, on a hard drive, on
a channel, on a
screen, a report on/about the economy, an article
on/about the election
campaign

18. on time, on time for something, in time to do
something (Come
on time. Come in time to get a seat.)

                            

[ESLprof.com/ handouts/ Info/preprule. doc]

Writing Styles and Standards in English

 

Vocabulary 003

Planning a holiday

Many people take their main holiday in summer, and although some people choose a last-minute break, others plan their holiday months in advance.

The beginning of the year is a good time for people to start looking at holiday brochures. Tour operators (companies that organise holidays) as well as travel agents (the people that sell holidays) give lots of information about holiday destinations and types of holiday. Apart from the traditional two-week beach holiday, you can choose from a range of holidays: a cruise (holiday on a ship), an activity holiday (a holiday that involves walking, cycling, climbing or other sports), a city break (a weekend or a few days in a different city) and so on. A lot of people choose a package holiday, where flights and accommodation are included in the price. But many people prefer an independent holiday, where they make their own travel arrangements.

If you travel independently, you will need to book your flights or train tickets. Unless you have an onward destination, you will probably book a return journey. Then you will need to make a reservation at a hotel, or another place to stay, such as a campsite (if you are camping in a tent), or a caravan site (if you are staying in a caravan), or a B&B (a bed and breakfast).

For all types of foreign holidays, it is essential that you check you have all your travel documents. Make sure your passport hasn’t expired, and that you have a visa if necessary. If you are travelling to some countries, you also need to make sure that all your vaccinations (protection against illness) are up to date. For some countries you might need a vaccination against hepatitis, or yellow fever, for example.

As your departure date gets nearer, you can start to plan the details of your journey. Perhaps it will be a good idea to buy a guide book, or a phrase book, if you don’t speak much of the local language. Some people like to read up on (= get lots of background information) on where they are going, and find out about the places of interest and “must-see” sights. It’s also fun to make a packing list, so you don’t forget any vital clothes or toiletries.

It’s also a good idea to buy local currency in advance, if your flight gets in (= arrives) in the middle of the night, when no banks are open. Most airlines also advise you to take out (=get) travel insurance – just in case your flight is delayed or cancelled, or if you get ill and need to be repatriated (sent back to your country).

Don’t forget to make arrangements for your pets and your house while you’re away. Put your dog into kennels (a dog hotel), and leave a key with your neighbour – just in case! Hopefully your neighbour will keep an eye on your house while you’re on holiday! Finally, get to the airport with plenty of time to spare. Nowadays it can take much longer to get through security and onto the plane. Have a nice trip and send your neighbour a postcard.

© 2007 english-at-home.com 

Talking about your family 

English Vocabulary for talking about your family.

Your family tree

Your closest relatives are your parents: your mother and father; and your siblings (brothers or sisters). If your mother or father is not an only child, you also have aunts and / or uncles. An aunt is the sister of your mother or father, while an uncle is the brother of your mother or father. Your female child is called your b>daughter, and your male child is your son.

If your aunts or uncles have children, they are your first cousins. (In English, the word cousin is used, whether the cousin is female or male.) Your female cousin is your mother (or father's) niece, while a male cousin is the nephew of your mother and father.

In-laws

When you marry, your husband (or wife's) family become your in-laws. The mother of your spouse (husband or wife) is your mother-in-law and his or her father becomes your father-in-law. The term in-law is also used to describe your relationship with the spouses of your siblings. So the husband of your sister becomes your brother-in-law, while the sister of your husband becomes your sister-in-law. If you are a woman, you become the daughter-in-law of your husband's parents, and if you are a man, you become the son-in-law of your wife's parents. The same term in-law is used for all generations. The husband of your aunt is still your mother's brother-in-law, for example.

Grandparents / grandchildren

The parents of your parents are your grandparents - grandmother and grandfather. You are their grandchildren - either a granddaughter or a grandson. If your grandparent has a sister, she is your great-aunt. If your grandparent has a brother, he is your great-uncle. (And you are either his or her great-niece or great-nephew.)

The mother of your grandmother or grandfather is your great-grandmother. The father is your great-grandfather. If you go back another generation, the grandmother of your grandmother / grandfather is your great-great-grandmother. The grandfather of your grandparent becomes your great-great-grandfather.

Second families

If your mother or father remarries, you can acquire a new family and set of relatives. For example, if your father marries a second wife, she becomes your step-mother. Any children she already has become your step-sisters or step-brothers.

If your mother or father remarries and has children, they become your half-brothers or half-sisters.

You might also hear people talking about their biological brother / sister etc, to mean a brother who is related by blood, rather than by marriage.

Types of family

nuclear family = mother, father and children: "The traditional British family unit is a nuclear family."

single-parent / one-parent family = a family which only has one parent (because the parents are divorced, or because one of the parents has died): "There are more and more single-parent families in the UK."

immediate family = your closest relatives: "Only immediate family members attended the funeral."

extended family = your entire family: "The wedding invitations were sent to the entire extended family."

close-knit family = a family where the members have close relationships with each other: "They are a close-knit family."

dysfunctional family = a family where the members have serious problems with each other: "He comes from a rather dysfunctional family."

blood relative = a relative connected to you by "blood" rather than through marriage: "She's not a blood relative, but we're still very close."

Expressions with family

family gathering = a meeting / celebration of family members: "There's a small family gathering next week."

family resemblance = where members of the family look / act similar: "You can see a distinct family resemblance between the father and the son."

to start a family = to start having children: "They want to wait a couple of years before starting a family."

to run in the family = a characteristic that is common among family members: "Baldness runs in his family."

to bring up / raise a family = to have and look after children: "It's difficult to raise a family on one income."

a family car = a car big enough to transport a family: "The Volvo Estate is a popular family car."

family-size = large quantity item: "We need to buy family-size packets of biscuits!"

family-friendly = a policy that favours families: "This hotel is family-friendly."

family doctor = a doctor who looks after general medical needs: "There are a number of good family doctors in this area."

family man = a man who prefers to spend his time with his family: "John is a family man."

family values = traditional ideas about what a family should be: "Some political parties often emphasise family values and the importance of marriage."

family name = surname: "What's your family name?"

Describing family relationships

Children often quarrel with each other, and these arguments - or squabbles - are often quickly resolved. In fact, sibling rivalry (the competition between brothers and sisters) is quite common.

More seriously, if arguments continue into adulthood, family feuds can develop where both sides can end up hating each other and even trying to hurt or destroy each other.

A person who no longer speaks to a family member is estranged from his / her family. Often estrangement is voluntary. However, if parents decide they no longer want anything to do with their children, they cut them off (= break off communiation), or even disinherit them. (Decide not to leave them anything when they die.)

Most people feel loyalty to their family, and will defend family members saying "He / She's family". There's also a saying "Blood's thicker than water" which means that your family ties are stronger than any other relationships.

© 2007 english-at-home.com

English words for emotions

A

angry: "She was angry with her boss for criticising her work."

annoyed: "I'm very annoyed with him. He hasn't returned any of my calls."

"She was annoyed by his comments."

appalled = very shocked: "They were appalled to hear that they would lose their jobs."

apprehensive = slightly worried: "I felt a little apprehensive before my interview."

ashamed: "How could you say such a thing? You should be ashamed of yourself!"

at the end of your tether = completely fed up: "The children have been misbehaving all day - I'm at the end of my tether."

B

bewildered = very confused: "He was bewildered by the choice of computers in the shop."

betrayed = when someone breaks the trust you have in them: "He betrayed my trust when he repeated my secret to everyone."

C

confused: "I'm sorry I forgot your birthday - I was confused about the dates."

confident = sure of your abilities: "I'm confident that we can find a solution to this problem."

cheated = when you don't get something that you think you deserve: "Of course I feel cheated - I should have won that competition."

cross = quite angry: "I was cross with him for not helping me, as he said he would."

D

depressed = very sad: "After he failed his English exam, he was depressed for a week."

delighted = very happy: "I'm delighted that I got the job. It's just what I always wanted."

down in the dumps = sad and fed up: "What's the matter with him? He's so down in the dumps these days."

disappointed: "She was disappointed by her son's poor results at school."

E

ecstatic = extremely happy: "When he asked her to marry him she was ecstatic."

excited: "I'm excited by the new opportunities that the internet brings."

emotional = you have strong feelings (happy or sad) and you cry: "When he heard the news, he became quite emotional."

envious = when you want something that someone else has: "I'm very envious of her happiness - I wish I was happy too."

embarrassed = slightly ashamed: "I felt so embarrassed that I went bright red."

F

furious =very angry: "I was furious with him for breaking my favourite vase."

frightened: "As a child she was frightened of the dark."

G

great = very good: "I feel great today!"

H

happy: "She was happy to hear the good news."

horrified = very shocked: "I'm horrified by the amount of violence on television today."

I

irritated = annoyed: "I get so irritated when he changes TV channels without asking me first."

intrigued = being so interested in something you have to find out more: "I'm intrigued to hear about your safari in Kenya."

J

jealous = envious: "She was jealous of her sister's new toy."

jaded = tired and having no interest: "After 10 years at this company, I just feel jaded."

K

keen: "I'm keen to see your new house - I've heard lots about it."

"I'm keen on keeping fit."

L

lazy: "I can't be bothered to do anything today - I feel really lazy!"

lucky: "I'm going to play the lottery - I feel lucky today!"

let down = disappointed: "When you didn't turn up to the meeting, I felt really let down."

M

maternal = feeling like a mother: "Looking at my sister's new baby made me feel really maternal."

N

nonplussed = so surprised that you don't know what to do next: "I was so nonplussed by his announcement that I couldn't say anything."

negative = when you can only see the disadvantages: "I feel very negative about my job - the pay is awful."

O

overwhelmed = so much emotion that you don't know what to say or do: "I was overwhelmed by the offer of promotion at work."

over the moon = delighted: "She was over the moon with her new bicycle and rode it every day for a whole year."

P

positive = opposite of negative - seeing the good side of something: "She's a very positive person and never lets anything get her down."

positive = very sure: "Are you sure that's what you want? Yes - I'm positive."

R

relaxed: "I was completely relaxed after I came back from holiday."

reluctant = when you don't want to do something: "I'm reluctant to buy a new car - the one we have is fine."

S

seething = extremely angry, but hiding it: "She was seething after her boss criticised her."

sad: "It makes me sad to see all those animals in cages at the zoo."

scared = frightened: "Are you scared of heights?"

stressed = being worried or anxious about something so you can't relax: "I feel really stressed at work - I need a break."

"He was stressed out by all the travelling in his job."

T

terrific = fantastic: "I feel terrific today!"

terrible = ill or tired: "I've got a blinding headache and I feel terrible."

terrified = very scared: "She's terrified of spiders and screams whenever she sees one."

tense = not relaxed: "You look a bit tense. Did you have a bad day at work?"

U

upset = angry or unhappy: "I'm sorry you're upset - I didn't mean to be rude."

unhappy = sad: "I was unhappy to hear that I hadn't got the job."

V

victimised = to feel you are the victim of someone or something: "My boss kept criticising me and not the others, so I felt quite victimised."

W

wonderful = great: "I felt wonderful after such a relaxing weekend."

Vocabulary 002

آموزش لغات بحث برانگیز و جالب زبان انگلیسی 

دو فایل صوتی که برای علاقه ‌مندان به یادگیری لغات زبان انگلیسی کولاک می‌کند. این دوره‌ ی آموزشی با بهترین روش‌های آموزش بیش از 150 کلمه از جالب‌ ترین و بحث‌ برانگیز‌ترین لغات زبان انگلیسی را به دایره‌ ی لغات شما اضافه می‌کند. این فایل ها برای زبان ‌آموزان، حرفه‌ای ‌ها و همه ‌‌ی کسانی که با کلمات زبان انگلیسی سر و کار دارند، یک دوره‌ی به یاد ماندنی خواهد بود.

دانلود با حجم ۱۲ مگابایت

پسورد فایل : www.kamyabonline.com 

English Language Conversation Skills

There are several dictionary definitions for "Conversation" .

Conversation: noun, an informal spoken exchange of news and ideas
between two or more people.

Conversation: an informal talk with somebody, especially about
opinions, ideas, feelings, or everyday matters.

Conversation: a talk between two or more people in which thoughts,
feelings and ideas are expressed, questions are asked and answered,
or news and information are exchanged.

There are several dictionary Synonyms for "Conversation" : conference,
discourse, discussion, dialogue, chat, speech, oral speech or spoken
communication, spoken language, talk, voice communication,

There are several adjectives that help identify or describe
conversations: casual, polite, informal, formal, two-way, face-to-face
and everyday.

There are several nouns that identify a specific type of conversation:
conference, interview, gossip, exchange of confidences, consultation,
or small talk.

There are several English slang terms that identify conversation or type
of conversation: chitchat, Q and A, heart-to-heart talk, confab, powwow,
bull session, talkfest, gabfest, pillow talk and rap session.

There are several dictionary definitions for "Skills".

Skill is an ability to do an activity or job well, especially because you
have practised it.

Skills are the result of special training to do a function or activity.

Proficiency, facility, or dexterity that is acquired or developed through
training or experience.

A developed talent or ability

An art, trade, or technique requiring use of the hands and or tools.

We have to create some definitions for "Conversation Skills".

Conversation skills can be explained as language abilities needed to
interact in social situations. Language abilities include speaking with
appropriate vocabulary, pronunciation, tone, intonation, rhythm, pauses,
politeness and timing.

We have to create some definitions for "English Language Conversation
Skills".

English Language Conversation Skills includes language abilities,
conversation skills, social skills, culture knowledge and non-verbal
communication skills.

Non-verbal communication skills are classified as posture, body
movements, gestures, facial expressions, proximity and eye contact.

In English speaking countries the non-verbal messages can represent
from 25 to 75% of the meaning.

Social skills and culture knowledge can be generalized as "what to say,
when to say it, where and why to say it, and most important how to say
it".

When learning English Language Conversation Skills ESL students
must learn: language abilities, conversation skills, social skills, culture
knowledge and non-verbal communication skills. Students need
everything if they actually want to converse with native English
speakers. ESL Students cannot just learn English vocabulary or
English pronunciation as it represents less than 50% of most
conversations.

ENGLISH-4-ALL

True friends are those who care without hesitations, who remember without limitations, who give without expectations and love even without communication. Friendship doesn't need everyday conversation doesn't always need togetherness, as long as the relationship is kept in the heart, true friends never go apart! Laila Sadat Moshtaghian 

English words for crime and punishment

 

English words for crime and punishment

There are many words in English dealing with crime, the courts and punishment.

a - acquit / acquittal

acquit = to decide that someone is not guilty of a crime: "All the defendants were acquitted."

b - barrister, bail

barrister = a lawyer who is trained to defend or prosecute in a court: "The barrister asked many difficult questions."

bail = a sum of money that can be paid in some situations to allow someone accused of a crime to stay out of prison before the court case: "He won't get bail - he's extremely violent."

c - court, custody, conviction, cross-examination

court = the place where a crime is discussed and judged: "He's in court again - this is the second time this year!"

a court case = what happens in a court: "This is an interesting court case, as many people are involved."

in custody = when the police keep someone in prison before the person goes to court: "He's being kept in custody until the trial begins."

custodial sentence = when someone is sent to prison for a crime: "Custodial sentences are getting shorter."

conviction = when someone is found guilty of a crime: "He had a string of convictions going back twenty years."

cross-examination = when what someone says is questioned by the barrister representing the other side: "Under cross-examination, her evidence showed some inconsistencies."

d - defend, defendant

to defend - to argue the innocence of the person who is accused of a crime (the defendant):"The barrister defending him is going to have a hard time."

e – evidence

evidence = information that proves someone is guilty: "The forensic evidence shows that he committed the murder."

f - fine

fine = a sum of money that is paid as a punishment for a minor crime: "He got a small fine for speeding."

g – guilty

find someone guilty = when it is decided that someone has committed a crime: "He was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment."

h – hearsay

hearsay = when you hear something from someone, but you don't know if it is true or not: "Although the police are suspicious, they can't prosecute him on what the neighbours think - it's all hearsay."

i – illegal

illegal = against the law: "The brothers carried out an illegal trade in rare and endangered animals."

j - judge, jury, justice

judge = a person who is in control of a court. The judge makes sure that both sides of the argument are heard, sums up or explains things to the jury, if necessary, and passes sentence if the defendant is found guilty. "She's a well-respected judge."

jury = 12 citizens who are selected at random to decide whether someone is guilty or not in a criminal trial: "I have to do jury service next month and I'm a little nervous." "The jury took five hours to find him not guilty."

justice = how people are judged: "The British justice system is unlike other European systems."

l - life sentence

life sentence = when someone guilty of murder or other serious crimes is sent to prison for "life": "He's currently serving two life sentences for murder."

m - magistrate, magistrate's court

magistrate = someone who judges less serious crimes: "She was in the magistrate's court for shoplifting."

n - not guilty

not guilty = when someone is found to be innocent of a crime: "The jury found her not guilty."

o - Old Bailey

Old Bailey - famous law courts in London, where serious crimes are tried: "The public gallery at the Old Bailey is a good place to witness the British justice system."

p - prosecution, parole, plea, plaintiff

prosecution = the lawyers arguing against the defendant: "The doctor was a witness for the prosecution."

parole = when a convicted criminal is allowed out of prison before the end of the sentence: "He was sentenced to ten years, but with parole, he'll serve seven years at the most." "She's on parole."

plea = a statement in court saying whether a person is guilty or not: "The defendant entered a plea of not guilty."

plaintiff = someone who takes a person to court and brings a legal action against them: "The plaintiff stated that the defendant had deliberately destroyed his fence."

q – QC

QC (Queen's Counsel) = a senior barrister.

r - diminished responsibility

diminished responsibility = when someone cannot be held responsible for a crime, because they are mentally ill: "A plea of diminished responsibility was accepted."

s - statement, sentence

statement = something that a person says is true and which is officially written down: "In your statement to the police, you said that you had left the party at 11 pm."

sentence = the punishment that a judge gives someone who is guilty of a crime: "People are no longer sentenced to death in the UK."

t – trial

trial = the court process which decides if someone is guilty or not: "The murder trial is being reported in all the newspapers."

u – unsafe

unsafe conviction = when someone has been found guilty because the evidence was wrong or the witnesses didn't tell the truth: "The judge ruled the convictions unsafe and they were released from prison."

v - victim, verdict

victim = the person who has the crime committed against him or her: "The murder victim was aged between 25 and 30."

verdict = what the jury decides: "The jury returned a verdict of not guilty."

w – witness

witness = someone who sees a crime being committed: "The police are appealing for witnesses to come forward."

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